Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new type of oral hypoglycemic drugs that exert a hypoglycemic effect by blocking the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal renal tubules, thus promoting the excretion of glucose from urine. Their hypoglycemic effect is not dependent on insulin. Increasing data shows that SGLT2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors can reduce pathological myocardial hypertrophy with or without diabetes, but the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. To clarify the relationship between SGLT2 inhibitors and pathological myocardial hypertrophy, with a view to providing a reference for the future treatment thereof, this study reviewed the possible mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors in attenuating pathological myocardial hypertrophy. We focused specifically on the mechanisms in terms of inflammation, oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, mitochondrial function, epicardial lipids, endothelial function, insulin resistance, cardiac hydrogen and sodium exchange, and autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms (ARMS) are the leading cause of socio-economic loss in the world, with historical evidence linking them to increased mortality and morbidity. METHODOLOGY: In this systematic review, we highlight a new treatment approach for antibiotic-resistant infections using 'Extracellular vesicle (EVs)-based therapy,' also known as cell- and drug-free therapy. Here, we categorize and summarize studies on EVs derived from various human sources, such as tissues, bodily fluids, or their condition media, emphasizing their anti-infective properties in the treatment of various infections. In addition, we contend that human adipose tissue (HAT) is a superior source of antimicrobial EVs (aEVs) and investigate the distinct antimicrobial properties of aEVs derived from a stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue. In light of this, we described the limited literature and research gaps that are essential for using SVF-aEVs as personalized precision medicine. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The notion behind adipose-derived SVF-EVs is supported by extensive literature searches that demonstrate growing trends in EV-based medical treatments as well as the larger therapeutic potential of HAT because of its extensive history of usage in regenerative medicine. CONCLUSION: Additionally, the underlying science that explains how the inflammatory process aids in the clearance of infections and the restoration of homeostasis after the host immune system successfully defends against foreign pathogens, as well as the fact that adipose-derived SVF is a noninvasive, cost-effective source of a variety of parent immune cells that produces a good yield of EVs with the same genetic make-up as their parent cells, make this concept worthwhile. This research may thereby increase survival rates and survival quality in cases of resistant infections. Vocabulary: Drug- and cell-free therapy = Nano molecules (extracellular vesicles) used as a therapeutic source without the need for chemical drugs or cell transplantation. Anti-infection EVs (aEVs) = Nature's own anti-infection powered EVs (unmodified).