With the development of modern materials science, life science and medical science, the application of implant materials in clinical medicine is becoming more and more widespread. Vascular stent is an indispensable medical implantation device for the PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty). However, the persistent inflammatory response after coronary stent implantation is one of the important reasons for in-stent neo-atherosclerosis (ISNA). This article starts with the current inflammatory problems caused by coronary stent implantation and discusses the formation mechanism of foam cells and key role of foam cells in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. On this basis, we introduce a new type of endogenous bioactive molecules named Specialized Pro-resolving lipid Mediators (SPMs), which limit excessive inflammatory effects without causing immunosuppression and also promote tissue repair, and reviews its role in balancing inflammation and its potential application to regulate the vascular remodeling after PTCA.

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BACKGROUND: Focal epilepsies have been described as a network disease. Noninvasive investigative techniques have been used to characterize epileptogenic networks. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe ictal and interictal cortical and subcortical perfusion patterns using single- photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS: Thirty-five interictal-ictal SPECT scans were obtained from 15 patients with DRE. A methodology was developed to get a relative perfusion index (PI) of 74 cortical and sub-cortical brain structures. K-means algorithm, together with modified v-fold cross-validation, was used to identify the two regions of interest (ROIs) that represent hypoperfused and hyperperfused areas. RESULTS: In common with the individual analysis, the statistical analysis evidenced that the hyperperfusion ROIs resulting from group analysis during interictal and ictal involved mainly the cingulate gyrus, cuneus, lingual gyrus, and gyrus rectus as well as the putamen. ROIs hypoperfused included the red nucleus, the substantia nigra, and the medulla. The medians of the group analysis of the hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion ROIs were 0.601-0.565 and 1.133-1.119 for the ictal and interictal states, correspondingly. A group of mostly cortical structures involved in the hyperperfused ROIs in both interictal and ictal states showed no change or negative change in the transition from interictal to ictal state (mean change of -0.002). On the other hand, the brain stem, basal ganglia, red nucleus, and thalamus revealed a mean global change of 0.19, indicating a mild increase in the PI. However, some of these structures (red nucleus, substantia nigra, and medulla oblongata) remained hypoperfused during the interictal to ictal transition. CONCLUSION: The methodology employed made it possible to identify common cortical and subcortical perfusion patterns not directly linked to epileptogenicity, for a better epileptogenic network and sudden unexpected death (SUDEP) mechanism in DRE.